Attitudes and Smoking Behaviour

Attitudes and Smoking Behaviour While the result of research is important, one of the critical aspects of the research is how one comes to these results. Without the proper survey to measure data, the research itself has no construct validity and is useless. Thus, it is important to ensure you have a survey designed to measure the proper variable before you make a conclusion concerning the data collected.By addressing the topic of attitudes and situational factors that correlate with smoking behaviour, we have an opportunity to develop a new scale to measure attitudes. Specifically, we can use this new scale to compare beliefs of smokers to non-smokers and determine if there is any correlation between individual smoking and smoking behaviour of one's peers.The body of past research suggests that smoking behaviour correlates strongly with peer smoking. In a study conducted by Simons-Morton (2002), two surveys were distributed among middle-school students, one at the beginning of the school year and one at the end.Be lle of the BallWhile the aim of the research was to determine if parental influence or adolescent adjustment predicted future behaviour, the study also found that, among other factors, peer smoking behaviour positively correlates with the individual smoking behaviour. A second longitudinal study done by Maxwell (2002) also compared the influence of peers in initiating risk behaviours that included smoking. Results from this also suggest that smoking peers increase initiation of smoking behaviour in non-smokers and non-smokers with peers who smoked were almost twice as likely to initiate smoking as compared to non-smokers with non-smoker peers. They also found that individuals with non-smoking peers were just as likely to terminate smoking behaviour, suggesting that acceptance of behaviour by peers is more important than the activity itself.A final study conducted by Levitt and Edwards (1970) administered a single survey and analysed the...

A Guide to Italian Pronunciation for Beginners

A Guide to Italian Pronunciation for Beginners Italian pronunciation might pose some difficulties for the beginner. Yet it is very regular, and once the rules are understood it is easy to pronounce each word correctly. Knowing where to put the correct stress or how to have proper inflection and intonation can help you come closer to understanding Italian. Most important, to improve your Italian, fare la pratica con la bocca (exercise your mouth)! The Italian ABCs Twenty-one letters  are all it takes to produce the sweet, lyrical language affectionately called la bella lingua (the beautiful language). Using the Roman alphabet and with the addition of acute and grave accents, native Italian speakers are able to argue passionately about the favorite soccer team, discuss the latest elections, or order gnocchi genovese while sounding like characters in a Verdi opera. What happened to the other five letters that are common in other language using the Roman alphabet? Theyre found in foreign words that have infiltrated Italian and are pronounced approximately as they are in the original language. Pronouncing Consonants Most Italian consonants are similar in pronunciation to their English counterparts; the consonants c and g are the only exceptions because they vary according the letters that follow them. In Italian, double consonants are pronounced much more forcefully than single consonants. Although it may not be obvious at first, a trained ear will notice the difference. Make it a point to listen to native speakers pronounce these words. Common single and double consonant words in Italian include cane (dog) / canne (canes), casa (house) / cassa (trunk), papa (pope) / pappa (bread soup), and sera (evening) / serra (greenhouse). Pronouncing Vowels Italian vowels are short, clear cut, and are never drawn out- the glide with which English vowels frequently end should be avoided. It should be noted that a, i, and u are always pronounced the same way; e and o, on the other hand, have an open and a closed sound that may vary from one part of Italy to the other. Pronouncing Italian Words For help in spelling and pronouncing words in Italian, heres a simple rule: What you hear is what you get. Italian is a phonetic language, which means most words are pronounced as they are written. The Italian words cane, mane, and pane will always rhyme (compare the English triplet chalice, police, and lice, and you will see that youve got it easy). Another point to keep in mind is enunciation. Native Italian speakers open their mouths wide- not just to shout, but to get those big, round, vowel sounds. For example, if you want to pronounce the Italian letter a, just open wide and say aahh! Practicing Italian Pronunciation If you want to learn how to prepare bruschetta or bistecca alla fiorentina, you can read a cookbook- but your guests will remain hungry. You have to get in the kitchen, fire up the grill, and start slicing and dicing. Likewise, if you want to speak Italian with the correct rhythm, tone, and intonation, you have to talk. And talk and talk and talk until your mouth  is numb and your brain hurts. So make it a point to listen and repeat Italian- whether you purchase a CD or listen to an Italian podcast, watch Italian TV on your computer via broadband, or visit Italy- because you cant eat a description of minestrone alla milanese, and you cant speak Italian without opening your mouth